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% Copyright (c) 1986,87,89,90,91 by Frame Technology Corporation.
% All rights reserved.
%
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% Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1
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612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
0 8 Q
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(Silicon Graphics Pr) 72 750.67 T
(oprietary) 139.57 750.67 T
72 54 540 54 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
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(UUIDs) 72 42.62 T
(October 7, 1993) 260.9 42.62 T
(1) 500 42.62 T
1 24 Q
(UUIDs) 271.36 704 T
2 12 Q
(W) 286.51 664 T
(ei Hu) 297.84 664 T
2 16 Q
(1.0 Intr) 72 621.33 T
(oduction) 127.23 621.33 T
1 12 Q
1.44 (UUIDs \050Univeral Unique Identi\336ers\051 are ubiquitous throughout the \336le system. Almost all the) 72 594 P
0.59 (objects of interest \050volumes, \336les, queues, etc.\051 have UUIDs. This document describes the inter-) 72 580 P
(faces to the UUID module and how UUIDs are generated.) 72 566 T
0.52 (UUIDs should be unique and cheap to generate. UUIDs will be stored on disk as part of our \336le) 72 540 P
0.31 (system metadata. Since we expect to eventually run xFS in a heterogeneous, distributed environ-) 72 526 P
-0.1 (ment, we should expect that UUIDs will be transmitted over the wire and stored in name services.) 72 512 P
(This also means that UUIDs must be extensible to non-SGI environments.) 72 498 T
-0.02 (UUIDs will be opaque. W) 72 472 P
-0.02 (e do not expect to derive, for example, the node that generated a UUID.) 196.53 472 P
0.55 (This design takes the approach that we should adopt the OSF/DCE \050which is the same as the X/) 72 446 P
0.57 (Open\051 UUID mechanism and make changes only where the existing mechanisms do not work. I) 72 432 P
1.47 (will further ar) 72 418 P
1.47 (gue that we can in fact adopt the DCE UUID mechanism as it currently stands.) 141.34 418 P
(However) 72 404 T
(, 2 alternatives are also presented as fallbacks.) 115.48 404 T
2 14 Q
(1.1 Interface) 72 370.67 T
1 12 Q
0.02 (A UUID is a 128 bit quantity whose internal structure is not exposed. The following are the oper-) 72 344 P
(ations that can be performed on UUIDs:) 72 330 T
3 F
(\245) 72 310 T
1 F
(uuid_create - create a new UUID) 85.75 310 T
3 F
(\245) 72 290 T
1 F
0.17 (uuid_create_nil - create a nil UUID. A nil UUID is a distinguished UUID whose bits are all 0.) 85.75 290 P
1.25 (For debugging purposes, we will rede\336ne the nil UUID to be some distinguished value and) 85.75 276 P
(check to make sure that we never get an UUID containing all zeroes.) 85.75 262 T
3 F
(\245) 72 242 T
1 F
(uuid_to_string - converts a UUID from its internal format into a string format) 85.75 242 T
3 F
(\245) 72 222 T
1 F
(uuid_from_string - converts a UUID in string format into its internal format) 85.75 222 T
3 F
(\245) 72 202 T
1 F
(uuid_equal - compares 2 UUIDs) 85.75 202 T
3 F
(\245) 72 182 T
1 F
(uuid_is_nil - returns true if uuid is nil) 85.75 182 T
3 F
(\245) 72 162 T
1 F
(uuid_compare - lexically compares 2 UUIDs) 85.75 162 T
3 F
(\245) 72 142 T
1 F
(uuid_hash - returns an unsigned32 hashed value for a UUID) 85.75 142 T
1.35 (Note that these are exactly the UUID operations as de\336ned by OSF/DCE. This set of routines) 72 116 P
(appear to be adequate to our needs and we should adopt them as is.) 72 102 T
FMENDPAGE
%%EndPage: "1" 2
%%Page: "2" 2
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0 8 Q
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(Silicon Graphics Pr) 72 750.67 T
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72 54 540 54 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
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(UUIDs) 72 42.62 T
(October 7, 1993) 260.9 42.62 T
(2) 500 42.62 T
2 14 Q
(1.2 DCE UUIDs) 72 710.67 T
1 12 Q
-0.11 (UUIDs derive their uniqueness from a space and a time component. The space component is typi-) 72 684 P
1.49 (cally some hardware-based serial number and the time component is derived from the current) 72 670 P
1.12 (time. T) 72 656 P
1.12 (o understand how we will generate SGI UUIDs, we will \336rst review what DCE UUIDs) 106.93 656 P
(look like.) 72 642 T
-0.08 (DCE knows about three variants of UUIDs. V) 72 616 P
-0.08 (ariant 0 was the Apollo NCS UUID, V) 291.29 616 P
-0.08 (ariant 1 is the) 475.28 616 P
-0.11 (DCE UUID, and V) 72 602 P
-0.11 (ariant 2 is de\336ned by Microsoft. The 3 MSB of octet 8 contains the variant. All) 162.26 602 P
-0.26 (of these UUIDs are 128 bits long and have the same record structure, this is signi\336cant as it allows) 72 588 P
0.31 (the integer sub\336elds of these UUIDs to be byteswapped the same way when transmitted over the) 72 574 P
(network.) 72 560 T
(The following is the layout of DCE \050variant 1\051 UUIDs:) 72 534 T
(The node address provides space uniqueness. It is the 48-bit IEEE 802 address.) 72 300 T
(The 60 bit time is the number of 100 nanosecond intervals since 15 October 1582 \050date of Grego-) 72 274 T
3.95 (rian reform to the Christian calendar) 72 260 P
3.95 (.\051. This is split into 3 \336elds \050an unsigned32 and 2) 265.95 260 P
(unsigned16s\051. At 60 bits, the time \336eld will roll-over at approximately 3400 AD.) 72 246 T
0.62 (The \322res\323 \0502 bit\051 \336eld determines the type of the UUID \050NCS, DCE, Microsoft, etc.\051. The clock) 72 220 P
0.4 (sequence is used to augment the clock so that we would still generate unique timestamps even if) 72 206 P
-0.22 (we crashed or if the clock did not advance fast enough. The 4 bit version \336eld captures the version) 72 192 P
1.83 (of DCE UUID; currently there\325) 72 178 P
1.83 (s the DCE version and the DCE Security version that imbeds) 229.21 178 P
(POSIX UIDs.) 72 164 T
2 14 Q
(1.3 Generating a DCE UUID) 72 130.67 T
1 12 Q
-0.2 (The node address and time are obtained from the system by conventional means. Setting the clock) 72 104 P
(sequence number is more involved:) 72 90 T
126 459 522 495 R
7 X
V
0.5 H
0 X
N
261 495 261 459 2 L
N
333 495 333 459 2 L
N
(time \05060 bits\051) 351 477 T
(node address \05048 bits\051) 135 477 T
315 495 315 459 2 L
N
279 495 279 459 2 L
N
288 495 288 459 2 L
N
207 360 396 396 R
N
261 459 207 396 2 L
N
333 459 396 396 2 L
N
360 396 360 360 2 L
N
288 396 288 360 2 L
N
315 396 315 360 2 L
N
(clk seq lo) 216 378 T
(\0508 bits\051) 216 366 T
(clk seq) 324 378 T
(hi \0506\051) 324.69 362.6 T
(version) 369 378 T
(res) 288 378 T
(\0504\051) 369 366 T
(\0502\051) 288 366 T
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(Silicon Graphics Pr) 72 750.67 T
(oprietary) 139.57 750.67 T
72 54 540 54 2 L
0.25 H
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(UUIDs) 72 42.62 T
(October 7, 1993) 260.9 42.62 T
(3) 500 42.62 T
1 12 Q
1.34 (Whenever the system is rebooted, we can either: 1\051 increment the clock sequence number last) 72 712 P
0.15 (used if it\325) 72 698 P
0.15 (s saved in nonvolatile storage, or 2\051 initialize it to a random number) 117.62 698 P
0.15 (. W) 444.26 698 P
0.15 (e need to do this) 460.77 698 P
0.82 (because we couldn\325) 72 684 P
0.82 (t tell what the last time that was used to generate UUIDs. xFS will save the) 168 684 P
(last sequence number used on disk.) 72 670 T
0.62 (Note that initializing the clock sequence number to a random value has the secondary bene\336t of) 72 644 P
(guarding against duplicate node addresses.) 72 630 T
0.81 (In addition, when generating UUIDs, the clock sequence number must be incremented \050modulo) 72 604 P
0.16 (16,384\051 if the UUID generator detects that time has gone backwards T) 72 590 P
0.16 (o do this, the UUID gener-) 410.64 590 P
(ator keeps the last time used to generate UUIDs in core.) 72 576 T
0.03 (T) 72 550 P
0.03 (o allow parallelism when there are multiple CPUs, we will allocate allocate a dif) 78.49 550 P
0.03 (ferent sequence) 465.05 550 P
0.4 (number to each CPU and then allow them to independently generate their own timestamps with-) 72 536 P
(out having to lock a global datastructure.) 72 522 T
1.53 (If UUIDs are created faster than the clock resolution, then the system would just increment a) 72 496 P
-0.05 (counter and add that to the low order bits of the time. This counter would be cleared the next time) 72 482 P
-0.1 (that the clock advances. Since reading the clock is a fairly expensive operation, we will likely just) 72 468 P
(increment the counter until we\325ve consumed about a second\325) 72 454 T
(s worth of bits.) 363.12 454 T
2 14 Q
(1.4 DCE UUIDs ar) 72 394.67 T
(e Suf\336cient) 187.17 394.67 T
1 12 Q
0.92 (I believe that we should just use DCE UUIDs as de\336ned, including the reliance upon the IEEE) 72 368 P
(802 address. This has several advantages:) 72 354 T
3 F
(\245) 72 334 T
1 F
(W) 85.75 334 T
(e don\325) 96.11 334 T
(t reinvent the wheel.) 126.2 334 T
3 F
(\245) 72 314 T
1 F
3.17 (The algorithm has good performance. Based upon prior experience, the only bottleneck) 85.75 314 P
-0.09 (appears to be the gettimeofday\050\051 system call that gets the current time. W) 85.75 300 P
-0.09 (e can reduce it further) 435.13 300 P
-0.22 (by incrementing the low order bits of the time value and only reading the system time when the) 85.75 286 P
(counter is close to over\337owing.) 85.75 272 T
3 F
(\245) 72 252 T
1 F
0.31 (W) 85.75 252 P
0.31 (e are compatible with DCE UUIDs. Thus, programs that display) 96.11 252 P
0.31 (, compare, or transmit DCE) 406.2 252 P
0.46 (UUIDs will be able to transparently handle our UUIDs also. For example, our UUIDs will be) 85.75 238 P
(automatically byteswapped correctly when transmitted via DCE RPC.) 85.75 224 T
0.58 (The primary concern about DCE UUIDs has been that the IEEE 802 addresses are not unique. I) 72 198 P
(have done a bit of investigation on this.) 72 184 T
0.4 (For low end SGI machines, the IEEE 802 numbers are now unique. ASD manufacturing keeps a) 72 158 P
0.43 (database of numbers that have been assigned and rejects duplicates. There are a few ESD option) 72 144 P
(boards which do not go through this process; I\325m in the process of \336nding out what they do.) 72 130 T
0.95 (Note that because of the way sequence numbers are randomly initialized, even the existence of) 72 104 P
(duplicate IEEE 802 addresses is unlikely to cause a problem.) 72 90 T
FMENDPAGE
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612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
0 8 Q
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0 K
(Silicon Graphics Pr) 72 750.67 T
(oprietary) 139.57 750.67 T
72 54 540 54 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
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(UUIDs) 72 42.62 T
(October 7, 1993) 260.9 42.62 T
(4) 500 42.62 T
1 12 Q
0.62 (Note that since we do not map UUIDs back to their IEEE 802 addresses, swapping Ethernet \050or) 72 712 P
(FDDI\051 boards across machines does not cause a problem for UUID generation.) 72 698 T
2 14 Q
(1.5 Alternate Node Addr) 72 664.67 T
(ess) 222.92 664.67 T
1 12 Q
-0.12 (W) 72 638 P
-0.12 (e had considered using the 32 bit sysinfo serial number as a basis for generating a node address.) 82.36 638 P
-0.29 (This does not appear to be a good alternative because on all platforms other than Everests, the sys-) 72 624 P
0.98 (info is derived from the IEEE 802 address. Furthermore, it\325) 72 610 P
0.98 (s not clear that the chassis numbers) 364.92 610 P
0.74 (\050from which Everest sysid numbers are derived\051 are inherently any more unique than IEEE 802) 72 596 P
(addresses. Thus, I think we should just rely on the IEEE 802 address as is.) 72 582 T
0.68 (If we decide not to go with IEEE 802 addresses, then we must make sure that our UUIDs don\325) 72 556 P
0.68 (t) 536.67 556 P
0.55 (collide with DCE UUIDs. Otherwise, we might have an SGI UUID that has the same value as a) 72 542 P
0.29 (DCE UUID and be very confused. \050This might happen, for example, if we exported our volumes) 72 528 P
(into a DCE directory service.\051 There are a couple of ways to do this:) 72 514 T
2 F
(1.5.1 Reserve a Block of IEEE Addr) 72 482 T
(esses) 258.68 482 T
1 F
0.43 (I have checked with the IEEE and con\336rmed that, for $1000, we can get our own block of IEEE) 72 456 P
0.39 (802 addresses. They come in 24 bit chunks. IEEE will give us a block of numbers by generating) 72 442 P
-0.1 (random numbers for the upper 24 bits. W) 72 428 P
-0.1 (e are then free to assign the lower 24 bits as we like. Our) 268.86 428 P
0.12 (node address would therefore consist of the 24 bit number that is uniquely assigned to SGI plus a) 72 414 P
1.4 (low order 24 bits that\325) 72 400 P
1.4 (s derived from the machine serial number) 183.53 400 P
1.4 (. This will guarantee that SGI) 391.1 400 P
(UUIDs will not collide with any DCE UUIDs.) 72 386 T
-0.09 (This scheme has the drawback that we can only use 24 bits for our serial number) 72 360 P
-0.09 (. \05024 bits is about) 457.39 360 P
(16 million.\051) 72 346 T
-0.21 (As stated earlier) 72 320 P
-0.21 (, any scheme that relies upon a machine serial number is currently only applicable) 149.03 320 P
(to Everests.) 72 306 T
2 F
(1.5.2 Use Differ) 72 274 T
(ent V) 154.05 274 T
(ersion Number) 180.59 274 T
1 F
1.04 (I do not advocate using this approach. It is captured here if we decide that any of the previous) 72 248 P
(approaches are not workable.) 72 234 T
1.66 (The other way to dif) 72 208 P
1.66 (ferentiate SGI UUIDs from DCE UUIDs is to make SGI UUIDs a DCE) 176.35 208 P
0.08 (UUID \050i.e., variant 1 UUID\051 with a version number of \3241) 72 194 P
0.08 (100\325 \05012 decimal\051. This is not one of the) 345.82 194 P
0.39 (versions currently in use. W) 72 180 P
0.39 (e should also let OSF know that we are picking this value to prevent) 207.5 180 P
(con\337icts. Once we do this, we are free to assign all of the 48 bits in any manner we choose.) 72 166 T
(The 48 bit node address will be assigned as follows:) 72 140 T
3 F
(\245) 72 120 T
1 F
1.03 (6 bits name domain identi\336er) 85.75 120 P
1.03 (. W) 229.8 120 P
1.03 (e woudl split the world up into separate name domains and) 247.19 120 P
0.25 (select one agency to distribute company identi\336ers for its domain. SGI, for example, might be) 85.75 106 P
-0.22 (the agent that distributes company identi\336ers for all the companies in California. Having multi-) 85.75 92 P
(ple domains allows multiple agents to independently distribute identifers without con\337ict.) 85.75 78 T
FMENDPAGE
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612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
0 8 Q
0 X
0 K
(Silicon Graphics Pr) 72 750.67 T
(oprietary) 139.57 750.67 T
72 54 540 54 2 L
0.25 H
2 Z
N
(UUIDs) 72 42.62 T
(October 7, 1993) 260.9 42.62 T
(5) 500 42.62 T
3 12 Q
(\245) 72 712 T
1 F
-0.23 (12 bits company identi\336er) 85.75 712 P
-0.23 (. This identi\336es the company - e.g., SGI. This gives us 4K companies) 209.99 712 P
2.08 (within each naming authority) 85.75 698 P
2.08 (. Note that locations with a high concentration of companies) 232.13 698 P
(might be divided into multipl name domains.) 85.75 684 T
3 F
(\245) 72 664 T
1 F
0.15 (30 bits vendor) 85.75 664 P
0.15 (-speci\336c identi\336er) 154.43 664 P
0.15 (. How this \336eld is assigned is up to the vendor) 240.87 664 P
0.15 (. SGI might, for) 463.26 664 P
(example, use machine serial number) 85.75 650 T
(.) 259.96 650 T
1.24 (These \336elds are hierarchically assigned so that within each level, unique bits can be generated) 72 624 P
-0.24 (without con\337ict. SGI can, once it has its assigned 6 bit naming authority and 12 bit company iden-) 72 610 P
2.06 (ti\336er) 72 596 P
2.06 (, generate unique 48-bit \324node addresses\325 just by assigning unique 30-bit numbers to its) 94.18 596 P
(machines.) 72 582 T
2 F
(1.5.3 Compatibility) 72 550 T
1 F
-0.04 (Making the SGI UUID a new version of the DCE UUID that uses an alternate means of assigning) 72 524 P
0.03 (the 48 bit node address is the next best thing to using DCE UUIDs directly) 72 510 P
0.03 (. W) 430.13 510 P
0.03 (e don\325) 446.52 510 P
0.03 (t reinvent the) 476.64 510 P
(wheel, and SGI UUIDs can still be transparently handled by utilities that expect DCE UUIDs.) 72 496 T
2 14 Q
(1.6 Issues) 72 462.67 T
1 12 Q
-0.08 (The only outstanding issue is compatibility with Lego UUIDs. Lego currently uses another UUID) 72 436 P
(format and appears to use a sub\336eld for object class information.) 72 422 T
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